Ukukhethwa koBume bebhetri kwiimeko zokutshaja ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokukhupha ibhetri: ukurhangqa okanye ukujika?

Yasekwa ngo-2002, igxile ekuveliseni izixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nokudibanisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, kwaye liqabane elithembekileyo labaqhubi abane abakhulu bezonxibelelwano baseTshayina.

Xa inkqubo yokugcina amandla kufuneka ngaxeshanye inike amandla aphezulu, impendulo yenqanaba le-millisecond, kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide, uyilo lwesakhiwo sebhetri alusengomcimbi wenkqubo yokuvelisa kuphela. Endaweni yoko, iba yiparameter yenkqubo ephambili emisela ulawulo lokumelana kwangaphakathi, ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lobushushu, kunye nobomi bomjikelo. Ingakumbi kwiimeko zokulawula/zokukhupha amandla ze 3C–10C nangaphezulu, ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweseli luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusasazwa kokuxhathisa, i-electrochemical polarization, iindlela zokusasazwa kobushushu, kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo loomatshini.

Kwiinjineli ezibandakanyeka ekukhetheni iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, ukuqonda umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi iibhetri ze-lithium ezigciniweyo kwaye iiseli zamanxeba phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kubalulekile ekufezekiseni uyilo lwenkqubo oluthembekileyo.

Eli nqaku lihlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo ukusebenza kobugcisa beendlela ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo zebhetri kwizicelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezivela kwiimbono ezininzi, kubandakanya indlela yangoku, i-electrochemical impedance, ukuziphatha kwe-thermodynamic, uxinzelelo lwesakhiwo, kunye nokuhambelana kwenkqubo. Ikwahlola ixabiso labo lobunjineli elisebenzayo kuyilo lwemveliso yokugcina amandla kwihlabathi lokwenyani.

1. Iindlela zokudibanisa ze-Electrochemical-Structural Phantsi kweemeko ezikumgangatho ophezulu

Phantsi kweemeko eziphantsi (≤1C), ukulahleka kwe-voltage yebhetri ikakhulu kuvela kukumelana okungaphakathi kwezinto kunye nokumelana nokuthuthwa kwe-ionic kwe-electrolyte, ngelixa impembelelo yomahluko wesakhiwo ilinganiselwe.
Nangona kunjalo, xa izinga lidlulile 3C, ukumelana ne-ohmic (Rₒ), ukumelana nokudluliselwa kwetshaja (Rct), kwaye i-concentration polarization iyanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ingxaki yokusasazwa kombane okungalinganiyo ngaphakathi kwiseli iqala ukuvela.

I-voltage yesiphelo sebhetri ingachazwa ngolu hlobo:

apho Rₒ inxulumene kakhulu nobude bendlela yangoku kwi-electrode current collector.

Kwisakhiwo senxeba, umbane udluliselwa kubude bephepha le-electrode, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho indlela ende yokuthutha i-electron. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isakhiwo esihlanganisiweyo sisebenzisa iithebhu ezininzi ezidityaniswe ngaxeshanye ukuze zahlule umbane, nto leyo evumela ukuba udlule kwii-electrodes kwicala lobukhulu, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu umgama wokuthutha i-electron. Phantsi kokukhutshwa kwe-pulse yesantya esiphezulu, lo mahluko kwindlela yangoku ubonakala ngokuthe ngqo ekuweni kwe-voltage kunye nokuqina kokuveliswa kobushushu.

Uvavanyo lobunjineli ludla ngokubonisa ukuba xa izinga lokukhupha linyuka ukusuka 1C kwi5C,
ijika lokunyuka kobushushu beeseli zamanxeba linomthambeka othe kratya kakhulu kunoweeseli ezihlanganisiweyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba
Uxinzelelo olucacileyo ngakumbi loxinano lwangaphakathi lwangoku. Olu xinzelelo aluchaphazeli nje ngoko nangoko
ukusebenza kakuhle, kodwa ikwakhawulezisa ukonakala kwefilimu ye-SEI, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ubomi bomjikelo.

2. Iimpawu zobugcisa kunye nemida ephezulu yolwakhiwo lwenxeba

Inkqubo yokujika yeyona ndlela yobuchwepheshe evuthiweyo kwishishini lebhetri ye-lithium kwaye ifanelekile ngakumbi kwiiseli ze-cylindrical kunye nezinye iiseli ze-prismatic. Isici sayo esiphambili kukuba i-cathode, i-separator, kunye ne-anode zihlala zijikeleziswa ngokulandelelana kwazo. i-cathode–isahluli–i-anode–isahluli ukwenza isakhiwo sejeli-roll.

Olu yilo lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, kuquka ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, izixhobo ezivuthiweyo, iindleko ezilawulekayo, kunye nokuhambelana okuhle.

Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kokusetyenziswa okuphezulu, izakhiwo zamanxeba zijongene nemida emininzi yomzimba ekunzima ukuyiphepha.

Ekuqaleni, uyilo lwethebhu enye okanye lwethebhu elinganiselweyo kunokukhokelela kuxinzelelo lwamandla. Xa amandla aphezulu edlula kwiseli, amandla ahlala ehamba kwiindawo ezikufutshane neetab, nto leyo edala iindawo ezishushu zasekuhlaleni.

Okwesibini, ubukho be- umbindi ongaphakathi ongenanto kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwevolumu, okunciphisa indawo yokuphucula ngakumbi uxinano lwamandla.

Okwesithathu, ukugoba kwamaphepha e-electrode ngexesha lenkqubo yokujija kwazisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo loomatshini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuchitheka kwezinto ezisebenzayo kube lula kakhulu ngexesha lokujikeleza rhoqo ngesantya esiphezulu.

Nangona ubuchwepheshe bokujika iithebhu ezininzi kunye nobokugoba kwangaphambili bunokunciphisa ezinye zezi ngxaki, ulwakhiwo olukhoyo lusenokubangela iindlela ezinde zokuthutha ii-elektroni kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukunciphisa kakhulu ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Ke ngoko, kwizicelo apho ukusebenza okuphezulu yeyona njongo iphambili, izakhiwo zamanxeba ziyayeka kancinci kancinci zithathe indawo yezakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo.

3. Iingenelo zoBume kunye neSiseko esibonakalayo seebhetri zeLithium eziQokelelweyo

Iibhetri ze-lithium ezihlanganisiweyo zakhiwe ngokudibanisa ii-cathodes, abahluli, kunye nee-anodes nganye nganye. Iingenelo zazo eziphambili zikwi- iindlela zangoku ezilungiselelweyo kwaye usasazo olufana ngakumbi loxinzelelo.

Okokuqala, ngokwembono yosasazo lwangoku, izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo zihlala zisebenzisa iithebhu ezininzi ngaxeshanye, okuvumela ukusasazwa komsinga okufanayo kwiplani ye-electrode. Umsinga udlula kwiileya ze-electrode kwicala lobukhulu, ufinyeza kakhulu indlela kwaye ngaloo ndlela unciphisa ukumelana kwe-ohmic. Kwiimeko zokukhupha ezingentla 5C, ukuphucuka okubangelwa kukwehla kwevolthi kuba yinto ebonakala kakhulu.

Okwesibini, ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lobushushu, ulungiselelo oluneeleya zesakhiwo esidibeneyo luvumela ukuveliswa kobushushu ukuba kufane ngakumbi, ngelixa kususa indawo yokuqokelelwa kobushushu ebangelwa yi-hole hole core kwiiseli zenxeba. Olu sasazo lobushushu olufanayo lunciphisa umngcipheko wobushushu obuphezulu kwaye lubonelela ngesiseko sentsimi yobushushu esifanelekileyo ngakumbi soyilo lwenkqubo yokupholisa ulwelo olukwinqanaba lemodyuli okanye inkqubo yokupholisa umoya.

Okwesithathu, malunga nokuzinza koomatshini, izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo ziyakuphepha ukugoba kwe-electrode kwaye zibonelela ngokusasazwa koxinzelelo olulinganayo.
Ngexesha lokujikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu, ukwanda nokucotha kwe-electrode kuyanda. Uyilo oluhlanganisiweyo lunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuguquguquka kwe-separator kunye neesekethe ezincinci ezimfutshane ezibangelwa kukuxinana koxinzelelo. Idatha yovavanyo ibonisa ukuba, phantsi kwenkqubo efanayo yezinto, iiseli ezihlanganisiweyo zihlala zibonisa izinga lokugcina umthamo liphezulu ngaphezu kwe-10% kuneeseli ezinobungozi kuvavanyo lomjikelo olunesantya esiphezulu.

4. Ukubaluleka kweNqanaba leNkqubo yoBuninzi baMandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kweSithuba

Kuyilo lwenkqubo yokugcina amandla, uxinano lwamandla aluchaphazeli kuphela iiparameter zeseli enye, kodwa kunye noyilo lwekhabhinethi iyonke kunye noqoqosho lweprojekthi. Umbindi ongaphakathi we-wound cells uyanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-volumetric, ngelixa izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuzalisa indawo ngokufaka i-flat-layer stacking.

Zombini ithiyori kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kubonisa ukuba izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo zinokufikelela malunga Uxinano lwamandla oluphezulu nge-5%–10%.

Kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla zorhwebo nezoshishino, olu phuculo luguqulela koku kulandelayo:

• Phezulu kWh/m³
• Uyilo oluncinci lwekhabhathi yokugcina izinto ezincinci
• Iimfuno zendawo yegumbi lezixhobo ezisezantsi
• Ulwakhiwo olungcono lweendleko zothutho kunye nokufakelwa

Xa isikali senkqubo sifikelela kwi Inqanaba le-MWh, ukuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwendawo okubangelwa kukwahluka kwesakhiwo kunokuguqulwa kube ziingenelo ezibalulekileyo zeendleko zobunjineli.

5. Imingeni yoBugcisa yeNkqubo yokuQokelela kunye neeNdlela zoShishino

Inkqubo yokufaka izixhobo ifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwezixhobo, inexesha elicothayo lokuvelisa kunelokusonga, kwaye ibandakanya utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala lwezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, xa sele zivuthiwe oomatshini bokufaka izinto ezikhawulezayo, iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa umbono, kunye nezixhobo ezidibeneyo zokusika nokufaka izinto ezihlanganisiweyo, ukusebenza kwayo kuphucuke kakhulu. Ezinye izixhobo eziphambili sele zisondeze ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlanganisa izinto ezirhangqiweyo kufutshane nokweenkqubo zokusonga.

Ukongeza, ukuvela kwe iteknoloji ye-dry-electrode kwaye ubuchwepheshe obudibeneyo be-hybrid stack-wind ivumela izakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo ukuba zigcine iingenelo zokusebenza ngelixa inciphisa kancinci kancinci umsantsa weendleko.

Ukhuphiswano lwexesha elizayo alusayi kuba yinto nje yokuqokelelana ngokuchaseneyo nokujikelezana, kodwa lukukhangela ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nokusebenza kwayo.

6. Ukusuka kwiSakhiwo seSeli ukuya kwiNdibaniselwano yoBunjineli beNkqubo

Kwizicelo zokugcina amandla, ukhetho lwesakhiwo seseli kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngokuhambelana noyilo lwenqanaba lenkqubo.

Iiseli ezixineneyo ezinganyangekiyo zisebenza ngcono kwiimeko zokwandiswa ngaxeshanye, zibonelela ngokuqina kwe-voltage engcono kwaye zenza kube lula kwi-BMS ukusebenza Uqikelelo lwe-SOC kunye nolawulo lokulinganiselaKwangaxeshanye, iimpawu zabo zokusasazwa kobushushu zilungele ngcono iimfuno zokutshaja/zokukhupha ngokukhawuleza kweenkqubo ze-inverter ezinamandla aphezulu.

Kuyilo lwethu lwenkqubo yokugcina amandla emodyuli, samkela isisombululo sebhetri ye-lithium-ion esinokuqiniswa edibanisa izakhiwo zeeseli ezisebenza kakuhle kunye ne-BMS ekrelekrele ukufezekisa ulwandiso lomthamo oluguquguqukayo kunye nemveliso ezinzileyo yezinga eliphezulu. Inkqubo ixhasa ukutshaja nokukhupha ngokukhawuleza, inobomi obude kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci, kwaye ifanelekile ukugcinwa kwamandla orhwebo noshishino, ukuhlanganiswa kogcino lwe-PV, kunye nezicelo zamandla okuxhasa amandla aphezulu.

Uyilo lwemodyuli alunciphisi nje kuphela uxinzelelo lotyalo-mali oluvela kwangaphambili, kodwa lukwanceda ukwandiswa kwamandla kwixesha elizayo kube lula ngakumbi.

7. Ingqiqo yeSigqibo soBunjineli soKhetho lweSakhiwo

Kwimisebenzi yobunjineli, ukhetho lwesakhiwo kufuneka luvavanywe ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kule milinganiselo ilandelayo:

• Ukuba isicelo sibaluleke kakhulu ixabiso eliphantsi kwaye lixhomekeke kwixabiso, ulwakhiwo lwenxeba lubonelela ngeenzuzo zokuvuthwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
• Ukuba inkqubo ifuna iipulses ezikhawulezayo zamandla ombane, amandla okutshaja/okukhupha umbane ngokukhawuleza, okanye ubomi bomjikelo omde, isakhiwo esidibeneyo sinika iingenelo zobugcisa eziqinileyo.
• Ukuba iprojekthi iyaqhubeka uxinano lwamandla aphezulu kunye noyilo oluncinci ngakumbi, ulwakhiwo oluhlanganisiweyo lungcono kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kwendawo kunye nolawulo lobushushu.

Eyona nto iphambili kwizicelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kukuba ukubaluleka kwamandla kunokubaluleka kwamandla.
Xa injongo yenkqubo itshintsha ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina amandla elula ukuya kwinkxaso yamandla kunye nempendulo eguqukayo, ukhetho isakhiwo sebhetri kufuneka ihambe iye ekuchaseni okuphantsi kwangaphakathi kunye nokufana okuphezulu.

Ulwakhiwo luKhuphiswano kwixesha eliPhakamileyo

Ngayo iindlela zamandla ezimfutshane, ukusasazwa kobushushu okufanayo, kunye nokuzinza okungcono koomatshini, i ibhetri ye-lithium egciniweyo iyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngakumbi kwizicelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Kwiinkampani ezicwangcisa iinkqubo zokugcina amandla okanye ukuphucula iimveliso zazo, ukukhetha isakhiwo sebhetri esifanelekileyo akuyongxaki yobuchwephesha kuphela, kodwa kukwangumcimbi wokuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye nembuyekezo yotyalo-mali kwiprojekthi.